Pfupiso yeNjodzi
Njodzi dzehutano: Inogumbura ganda nemukati memucosa uye ine simba rekuderedza marwadzo patsinga huru.
Kufema mushonga uyu zvakanyanya munguva pfupi kunogona kukonzera zviratidzo zvekutsamwisa maziso nepanzira yekufema yepamusoro, kuzara kwemaziso nepahuro, dzungu, musoro, kuda kurutsa, kurutsa, kushaya simba kwechipfuva, kutadza kufamba zvakanaka, uye kuvhiringidzika. Zviitiko zvakakomba zvinogona kukonzera kusagadzikana, kugwinha, uye kukotsira.
Chepfu Isingaperi: Kugara kwenguva refu kunogona kukonzera chirwere che neurasthenic syndrome, kukura kwechiropa, uye kusashanda zvakanaka kwemwedzi kune vashandi vechikadzi. Zvinogonawo kukonzera ganda rakaoma, kutsemuka, uye dermatitis.
Njodzi Dzezvakatipoteredza: Zvinokonzera njodzi huru kunharaunda uye zvinogona kusvibisa mhepo, mvura, uye manyuko emvura.
Kupisa uye Njodzi Yekuputika: Chigadzirwa ichi chinobvira uye chinogumbura.
Huturu: Hunoiswa muchikamu chehuturu hushoma.
Huturu Hwakanyanya: LD50 5000mg/kg (inonwiwa nemuromo mumakonzo); LC50 12124mg/kg (inofemerwa neganda mutsuro); kufemerwa nemunhu kwe71.4 g/m³ kunouraya munguva pfupi; kufemerwa nemunhu kwe3 g/m³ kwemaawa 1-8 kunokonzera chepfu yakanyanya; kufemerwa nemunhu kwe0.2–0.3 g/m³ kwemaawa masere kunotungamira kuzviratidzo zvechepfu.
Kutsamwiswa:
Kuonekwa kwemaziso emunhu: 300ppm kunokonzera kushatirwa.
Kubatwa neganda retsuro: 500mg inokonzera kushatirwa kuri pakati nepakati.
Subacute uye Chronic Toxicity: Makonzo nenguruve dzerudzi rweGuinea dzakafemerwa ne390 mg/m³ kwemaawa masere pazuva kwemazuva 90-127 dzakaratidza shanduko mu hematopoietic system uye nhengo dzemuviri dzine parenchymal.
Kuchinja kwemasero: Kuongororwa kwe micronucleus: Kupiwa nemuromo kwe 200 mg/kg mumakonzo. Kuongororwa kwe cytogenetic: makonzo akafemerwa ne 5400 μg/m³ kwemavhiki gumi nematanhatu (pakati nepakati).
Huturu Hwekubereka: Makonzo akange abatwa nehuturu hwakaderera (TCL0) hwe1.5 g/m³ kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana (mazuva 1–18 ekuzvitakura) akaratidza huturu hwemudumbu uye kusakura kwetsandanyama. Mbeva dzakabatwa nehuturu hwakaderera (TCL0) hwe500 mg/m³ kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana (mazuva 6–13 ekuzvitakura) dzakaratidza huturu hwemudumbu.
Kuchinja kweMetabolism uye Kuora: Toluene inonyudzwa mumuviri inonyudzwa 80% kuita benzyl alcohol kana paine NADP, yozobva yava benzaldehyde kana paine NAD, uye yozonyudzwazve kuita benzoic acid. Inobva yasanganiswa neglycine kana paine coenzyme A uye adenosine triphosphate kuti igadzire hippuric acid. Nokudaro, 16%–20% ye toluene inonyudzwa nemuviri wemunhu inoburitswa isina kuchinja kuburikidza nenzira yekufema, nepo 80% ichiburitswa neitsvo muchimiro che hippuric acid. Mushure mekusangana ne toluene, hippuric acid muweti inowedzera nekukurumidza mukati memaawa maviri, yozokwira zvishoma nezvishoma uye inodzokera padanho rakajairika maawa 16-24 mushure mekunge yasangana. Chikamu chidiki che benzoic acid chinosanganiswa ne glucuronic acid kuti chigadzire zvinhu zvisina chepfu. Chisingasviki 1% ye toluene inonyudzwa kuita o-cresol. Munharaunda, toluene inoshanduka kuita benzoic acid kana kuti inoora zvakananga mucarbon dioxide nemvura kana paine zvinhu zvinokonzeresa oxygen kana yaiswa mumhepo.
Zvasara uye Kuunganidzwa: Inenge 80% ye toluene inoburitswa muweti yevanhu netsuro se hippuric acid, nepo yakawanda yeinosara ichiburitswa. Vanyori ava vakataurawo kuti 0.4%–1.1% ye toluene inoburitswa muweti se o-cresol. Imwe ongororo yakaratidza kuti metabolite huru, hippuric acid, inoburitswa nekukurumidza muweti. Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akajairika ekushandiswa pabasa, hippuric acid inobviswa zvachose mukati memaawa makumi maviri nemana mushure mekunge yapera kushandiswa. Zvisinei, nekuda kwekudzokororwa kwemaawa masere pazuva zvichiteverwa nekusashandiswa kwemaawa gumi nematanhatu, kuunganidzwa kwe hippuric acid kunogona kuitika mukati mevhiki rebasa, asi huwandu hunodzokera kumazinga ekushandiswa kwe toluene mushure mevhiki. Huwandu hwe hippuric acid muweti yakajairika hunosiyana zvakanyanya (0.3–2.5 g) zvichienderana nekudya kwaunodya uye musiyano wemunhu wega wega. Nokudaro, kutorwa kwe toluene hakugone kunzwisiswa zvizere kubva pamazinga e hippuric acid muweti, asi ine kururama muongororo dzeboka dzekuona kutorwa kwe toluene. Makonzo akarapwa ne phenobarbital pakutanga akaratidza kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwe toluene inonyangarika muropa uye kupfupisa nguva yekurara mushure mekubayiwa toluene, zvichiratidza kuti kupinza ma enzymes e microsomal echiropa kunogona kukurudzira kushandiswa kwe toluene mumuviri.
Kutama uye Kuchinja: Toluene inonyanya kugadzirwa kubva mumafuta asina kucheneswa kuburikidza nemaitiro epetrochemical. Inoshandiswa se solvent yemafuta, resins, rabha yechisikigo neyekugadzira, tar yemarasha, asphalt, uye cellulose acetate. Inoshandiswawo se solvent mupendi dze cellulose nemavarnish, pamwe ne photolithography uye ink solvents. Toluene zvakare chinhu chakakosha mukugadzirwa kweorganic, kunyanya kune benzoyl chloride, phenyl compounds, saccharin, trinitrotoluene, uye madhayi akawanda. Inowanikwawo mu aviation nemotokari peturu. Toluene inoshanduka-shanduka uye haishande zvakanyanya munharaunda. Nekuda kwekufamba kwemhepo, inopararira zvakanyanya munharaunda uye inogara ichidzokorodza pakati pemhepo nemvura kuburikidza nemvura uye evaporation kubva pamusoro pemvura. Inogona kuzopedzisira yaora kuburikidza ne biological uye microbial oxidation. Pfupiso yeavhareji yehuwandu hwetoluene mumhepo yemumaguta pasi rese inoratidza huwandu hwakajairika hwe112.5–150 μg/m³, kunyanya kubva mukubuda kwemafuta hune chekuita nepeturu (utsi hwemotokari, kugadzira peturu) uye kurasikirwa kwe solvent uye kubudiswa kwemhepo kubva mumabasa emaindasitiri.
Matanho Ekubatsira Kwekutanga
Kubata ganda: Bvisa mbatya dzine utachiona wosuka ganda zvakanaka nesipo nemvura.
Kubata maziso: Simudza maziso wogeza nemvura inoyerera kana saline solution. Tsvaga rubatsiro rwechiremba.
Kufema: Enda nekukurumidza kumhepo itsva. Chengetedza mhepo yakavhurika. Isa mweya wekufema kana kufema kwakaoma. Isa mweya wekufema wekugadzira kana kufema kwamira. Tsvaga rubatsiro rwechiremba.
Kumedza: Inwa mvura inodziya yakawanda kuti ukurutse. Tsvaga rubatsiro rwechiremba.
Matanho ekudzivirira moto
Hunhu Hune Ngozi: Hunobvira; utsi hwakasanganiswa nemhepo hunogona kugadzira musanganiswa unoputika. Kusangana nemoto wakavhurika kana kupisa kwakanyanya kunogona kukonzera kutsva kana kuputika. Hunoita zvine simba nema oxidants. Mwero wemvura yakawanda unogona kugadzira uye kuunganidza magetsi asingachinji. Utsi hunorema kupfuura mhepo uye hunogona kupararira kure kure kunzvimbo dzakaderera, uko hunogona kupfuta uye kudzoserwa kumashure.
Zvinhu Zvinopisa Zvine Ngozi: Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide.
Nzira Dzekudzima Moto: Tonhodza midziyo ine mvura inopfapfaidza. Bvisa midziyo kubva panzvimbo yemoto uiise panzvimbo yakashama kana zvichibvira. Kana midziyo iri munzvimbo yemoto yakachinja ruvara kana kuti yaburitsa ruzha kubva mumidziyo yekuderedza kumanikidzwa, buda ipapo ipapo.
Zvinhu Zvinodzima Moto: Furo, upfu hwakaoma, kabhoni dhayokisaidhi, jecha. Mvura haishande zvakanaka pakudzima.
Mhinduro yeNjodzi Inobuda
Kubatsira Panjodzi: Bvisai vashandi kubva panzvimbo inodonhedza mvura kuenda kunzvimbo yakachengeteka, bvisai, uye dzorai zvakanyanya kupinda. Bvisai zvinhu zvinobatidza moto. Vanobatsira panjodzi vanofanira kupfeka michina yekufema inovapa simba rekudzivirira uye mbatya dzekudzivirira. Deredzai kudonhedza mvura. Dzivisai kupinda mumapombi etsvina, mumigero yemvura, kana munzvimbo dzakamanikana.
Kudonhedza Kudiki: Nywa ne activated carbon kana zvimwe zvinhu zvisina simba. Neimwe nzira, geza ne emulsion yakagadzirwa nemuchina usingabatidzi moto, sanganisa mvura yekugeza, uye donhedza mumvura yakasviba.
Kudonha Kukuru: Gadzira makomba kana makomba ekudzivirira kudonha kwemvura. Fukidza nefuro kuderedza njodzi yeutsi. Shandisa mapombi asingaputike kuputika kuti uende nawo kumatangi kana mumatangi ekuunganidza akagadzirirwa kudzoreredzwa kana kuraswa munzvimbo dzekuchenesa marara.
Nguva yekutumira: Kukadzi-24-2026